Pada dasarnya, dari keseluruhan soal yang diujikan pada tes TOEFL, bagian TOEFL structure adalah bagian yang paling sulit meskipun jumlah soalnya adalah yang paling sedikit diantara bagian soal listening maupun reading, karena sesi ini dalam TOEFL ITP menguji kemampuan para peserta dalam bidang grammar (tata bahasa) bahasa Inggris (English).

Bagian soal structure and written expression ini biasanya diletakkan pada bagian kedua setelah sesi listening selesai. Anda sebagai peserta akan diminta mengerjakan 40 soal yang berkaitan dengan struktur atau grammar bahasa Inggris dalam waktu 25 menit. Jadi, secara matematis Anda hanya diberi waktu sekitar 37,5 detik untuk mengerjakan satu buah soal. Oleh karena itu, Anda dituntut berpikir cepat tapi teliti dalam menjawab soal-soal yang ada.

Materi soal structure and Written Expression ini memiliki dua model yang meliputi sentence completion atau incomplete sentense (melengkapi kalimat) pada part A. Dalam model pertanyaan ini terdapat lima belas (15) soal pertama, yaitu untuk soal nomor 1 s/d 15. Pada incomplete sentence, Anda diharuskan memilih satu jawaban yang paling benar diantara 4 jawaban yang disediakan. Sementara part B biasanya disebut sebagai error identification atau underlined words (mengindentifikasi kesalahan gramatikal). Pada model ini terdiri dari 25 soal berikutnya (soal no. 16 s/d 40), dimana Anda diharuskan dapat mengindentifikasi bagian mana yang secara grammatika salah diantara 4 kata atau frasa yang digarisbawahi.

Kunci TOEFL Structure: Perhatikan Elemen Pembentuk Kalimat dan Hubungan antar Kalimat

Pada dasarnya, di semua cabang ilmu pengetahuan pasti mengenal konsep dan istilah structure (struktur). Sebuah struktur biasanya memiliki tiga hal pokok yang utama yaitu elemen pembentuk kalimat, keterkaitan/hubungan antar elemen kalimat, dan pola yang mengikat semua elemen tersebut. Begitu pula yang terjadi pada soal TOEFL structure dimana Anda harus mengenali satuan terkecil yang diujikan dalam sebuah kalimat.

Untuk penjelasan lebih detil, berikut disampaikan beragam soal TOEFL structure dan pembahasannya:

1. I wish you would tell me ………………….
   (A) Who is being lived next door
   (B) Who does live in the next door
   (C) Who lives next door
   (D) Who next door was living

Urutan kalimat yang benar adalah subject + verb + (complement) + (modifier). Jadi kalimat (D) sudah pasti salah karena tidak sesuai aturan baku. Sedangkan pada kalimat (A), is being lived tidak mungkin pada model struktur verbal. Kemudian kalimat (B) dapat diabaikan karena kata does dan in the tidak penting berada dalam kalimat model ini. Jadi jawaban yang benar adalah (C).

• During the Daytona, the lead car …………………., leaving the others far behind.
  (A) Forwarded rapidly
  (B) Advanced rapidly
  (C) Advanced forward rapidly
  (D) Advanced in a rapidly manner

Setelah subject ‘the lead car’ tentunya Anda akan membutuhkan verb untuk melengkapi kalimat tersebut. Kata forward bukan merupakan verb, jadi jawaban (A) salah. Lalu jawaban (B) adalah benar verb + adverb rapidly. Jawaban (C) berlebihan karena advanced artinya move forward, sedangkan jawaban (D) tidak tepat karena rapidly harusnya digunakan sebagai bentuk adjective.

• In the(A) United States, there(B) are much(C) holidays throughout the(D) year.

  Dalam kalimat ini tampak bahwa kata much dapat dikategorikan sebagai non-count nouns sedangkan kata holidays merupakan count noun.
  Jadi kata yang salah adalah (C) yang harusnya diganti dengan kata many.

• Tomatoes(A) grows(B) all(C) year long in(D) Florida.

  Melihat keseluruhan konteks dalam kalimat tersebut, maka jelaslah bahwa yang dimaksud disini adalah tomatoes dalam bentuk plural. Maka dari itu, pasangan yang sesuai setelah bentuk plural adalah singular. Jadi jawaban (B) salah dan harusnya diganti dengan kata singular grow.

Perhatikan Kosakata dan Tata Bahasa yang Benar

Seperti yang telah diuraikan di atas bahwa TOEFL structure merupakan bagian yang paling sulit dari keseluruhan pembelajaran tes TOEFL. Oleh karena itu, Anda tidak akan dapat mengerti serta memahami apa itu structure dan bagaimana metode yang benar untuk mengerjakannya hanya dengan sekilas pandang atau mempelajarinya dalam waktu yang pendek. Misalnya, Anda tidak mungkin bisa menguasai soal-soal structure jika Anda baru mulai belajar pada hari Sabtu sementara Anda akan mengikuti tes TOEFL pada hari Senin. Sebagai tambahan, komponen utama dalam tata Bahasa Inggris adalah adanya subject dan verb.

Kehadiran subject dan verb ini sangatlah penting sebagai komponen dasar kalimat. Sementara itu, tata Bahasa Inggris juga mengenal perbedaan waktu pengucapan, apakah itu terjadi pada masa sekarang, masa lampau, atau masa mendatang. Perbedaan waktu ini akan turut mempengaruhi bentuk kata kerja yang digunakan serta rumus yang digunakan. Jadi, pemahaman akan bentuk atau pola rumus (Simple Present atau Simple Past atau Simple Future Tense) merupakan hal yang sangat penting dalam pembahasan TOEFL structure.

Tips Mengerjakan soal Structure and Written Expression

Agar Anda bisa dengan mudah mengerjakan soal-soal pada sesi ini, alangkah baiknya jika Anda mengetahui Tips atau saran dalam mengerjakannya agar Anda mampu mendapatkan nilai yang terbaik. Berikut adalah beberapa Tips pada saat mengerjakan soal pada sesi structure and written expression:

1. Relax dan jangan tegang dalam mengerjakan setiap soal.
2. Tetap teliti walaupun Anda diharuskan menjawab secara cepat. Hal ini dikarenakan banyak sekali jebakan dalam soal-soal structure anda wrutten expression ini.
3. Jangan terpaku pada satu soal. Ingat, waktu Anda sangat terbatas.
4. Lebih Khusus kenali:
   • Penggunaan part of speech (noun, adjective, dll) dalam kalimat
   • Agreement of person (misalnya: She is bukan she are); Agreement of number (misalnya: Many moons bukan many moon); dan Agreement of tense (misalnya: I saw it yesterday bukan I see it yesterday)
   • Word order (susuna kata), misalnya: beautiful girl bukan girl beautiful.
5. Sering-seringlah berlatih menjawab soal-soal yang berkualitas TOEFL. Hal ini dikarenakan semakin Anda mengenal model-model soal TOEFL, semakin mudah Anda menjawab pertanyaan-pertanyaan yang ada.

Bagaimana penjelasan tentang TOEFL Structure diatas? sudah jelas bukan? Untuk membuat Anda lebih jelas lagi tentang TOEFL ITP dalam sesi Structure, Ayo coba kuis dibawah ini! Kuis TOEFL Structure ini adalah satu dari tiga kuis TOEFL yang ada. Untuk mencoba semua kuis dari tiga sesi TOEFL ITP, silahkan kunjungi link Tes TOEFL Online ini!

Structure and Written

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1. Answered
2. Review

1. 1. Question

   Section 2 — Structure and Written Expression

   This section is designed to measure your ability to recognize language that is appropriate for standard written English. There are two types of questions in this section, with special directions for each type.

   Structure

   Directions: Questions 1–4 are incomplete sentences. Beneath each sentence you will see four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one word or phrase that best completes the sentence. Then, on your answer sheet, find the number of the question and fill in the space that corresponds to the letter of the answer you have chosen.

   Look at the following examples:
   Example I

   Geysers have often been compared to volcanoes _______ they both emit hot liquids from below the Earth’s surface.

   A. due to
   B. because
   C. in spite of
   D. regardless of
   The sentence should read, “Geysers have often been compared to volcanoes because they both emit hot liquids from below the Earth’s surface.” Therefore, you should choose answer B.

   Example II

   During the early period of ocean navigation, ________ any need for sophisticated instruments and techniques.

   A. so that hardly
   B. where there hardly was
   C. hardly was
   D. there was hardly
   The sentence should read, “During the early period of ocean navigation, there was hardly any need for sophisticated instruments and techniques.” Therefore, you should choose answer D.

   Now begin work on the questions.

   1. The North Pole___________ a latitude of 90 degrees north.

   • it has
   • is having
   • which is having
   • has
   Incorrect
   

2. 2. Question

   2. The city of Beverly Hills is surrounded on ________ the city of Los Angeles.

   • its sides
   • the sides are
   • it is the side of
   • all sides by
   Incorrect
   

3. 3. Question

   3. ________ greyhound, can achieve speeds up to thirty-six miles per hour.

   • The
   • The fastest
   • The fastest dog
   • The fastest dog, the
   Incorrect
   

4. 4. Question

   4. Marmots spend their time foraging among meadow plants and flowers or ________ on rocky cliffs.

   • gets sun
   • sunning
   • the sun
   • sunny
   Incorrect
   

5. 5. Question

   5. The greenhouse effect occurs ________ heat radiated from the Sun.

   • when does the Earth’s atmosphere trap
   • does the Earth’s atmosphere trap
   • when the Earth’s atmosphere traps
   • the Earth’s atmosphere traps
   Incorrect
   

6. 6. Question

   6. The Rose Bowl, ________ place on New Year’s Day, is the oldest postseason collegiate football game in the United States.

   • takes
   • it takes
   • which takes
   • took
   Incorrect
   

7. 7. Question

   7. Experiments ________ represent a giant step into the medicine of the future.

   • using gene therapy
   • use gene therapy
   • they use
   • gene therapy uses
   Incorrect
   

8. 8. Question

   8. ________ off the Hawaiian coastline are living, others are dead.

   • While some types of coral reefs
   • Some types of coral reefs
   • There are many types of coral reefs
   • Coral reefs
   Incorrect
   

9. 9. Question

   9. Nimbostratus clouds are thick, dark gray clouds ________ forecast rain.

   • what
   • which
   • what they
   • which they
   Incorrect
   

10. 10. Question

    10. Some economists now suggest that home equity loans are merely a new trap to push consumers beyond ________.

    • they can afford
    • they can afford it
    • what is affordable
    • able to afford
    Incorrect
    

11. 11. Question

    11. People who reverse the letters of words ________ to read suffer from dyslexia.

    • when trying
    • if they tried
    • when tried
    • if he tries
    Incorrect
    

12. 12. Question

    12. Featured at the Henry Ford Museum ________ of antique cars dating from 1865.

    • is an exhibit
    • an exhibit
    • an exhibit is
    • which is an exhibit
    Incorrect
    

13. 13. Question

    13. Rubber ________ from vulcanized silicones with a high molecular weight is difficult to distinguish from natural rubber.

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    • is produced
    • producing
    • that produces
    • produced
    Incorrect
    

14. 14. Question

    14. ________ appears considerably larger at the horizon than it does overhead is merely an optical illusion.

    • The Moon
    • That the Moon
    • When the Moon
    • The Moon which
    Incorrect
    

15. 15. Question

    15. According to the World Health Organization, ________ there to be an outbreak of any of the six most dangerous diseases, it could be cause for quarantine.

    • were
    • they were
    • there were
    • were they
    Incorrect
    

16. 16. Question

    Written Expression
    Directions: In questions 5–10, each sentence has four underlined words or phrases. The four underlined parts of the sentence are marked A, B, C and D. Identify the one underlined word or phrase that must be changed in order for the sentence to be correct. Then, on your answer sheet, find the number of the question and fill in the space that corresponds to the letter of the answer you have chosen.

    Look at the following examples:

    Example I
    Guppies are sometimes call rainbow fishbecause of the males’ bright colors
    A call
    B fish
    C because
    D bright

    The sentence should read, “Guppies are sometimes called rainbow fish because of the males’ bright colors.” Therefore, you should choose answer A.

    Example II
    Serving several term in Congress, Shirley Chisholm became an important United States politician.
    A. Serving
    B. term
    C. important
    D. politician

    The sentence should read, “Serving several terms in Congress, Shirley Chisholm became an important United States politician.” Therefore, you should choose answer B.

    Now begin work on the questions.

    16. On the floor of the Pacific Ocean is hundreds of flat-topped mountains more than a mile

    • the floor of
    • is
    • flat-topped
    • more than
    Incorrect
    

17. 17. Question

    17. Because of the flourish with which John Hancock signed the Declaration of Independence,
    his name becomesynonymous with signature.

    • which
    • his
    • become
    • synonymous
    Incorrect
    

18. 18. Question

    18. Segregation in public schools was declareunconstitutional by the Supreme Court in 1954.

    • public
    • was declare
    • unconstitutional
    • in 1954
    Incorrect
    

19. 19. Question

    19. Sirius, the Dog Star, is the most brightest star in the sky with an absolute magnitude about twenty-three timesthat of the Sun.

    • the most brightest star
    • an absolute
    • twenty-three times
    • that
    Incorrect
    

20. 20. Question

    Killer whales tendto wander in family clusters that hunt, play, and restingtogether.

    • tend
    • to wander
    • resting
    • together
    Incorrect
    

21. 21. Question

    21. Some of the most useful resistormaterial are carbon, metals, and metallic alloys.

    • Some of
    • most useful resistor
    • material
    • metallic
    Incorrect
    

22. 22. Question

    22. The community of Bethesda, Maryland, was previousknownas Darcy’s Store.

    • The community
    • previous
    • known
    • as
    Incorrect
    

23. 23. Question

    23. Alloys of gold and copper have been widelyusing in various types of coins.

    • have
    • widely
    • using
    • various types
    Incorrect
    

24. 24. Question

    24. J. H. Pratt used group therapy early in this century when he brought tuberculosis patients together to discuss its disease.

    • group
    • early
    • when he
    • its
    Incorrect
    

25. 25. Question

    25. The United States has importall carpet wools in recent years because domestic wools are too fine and soft for carpets.

    • import
    • all
    • because
    • too fine
    Incorrect
    

26. 26. Question

    26. Irving Berlin wrote “Oh How I Hate to Get Up in the Morning” while serving in a U.S. Army during World War 1.

    • wrote
    • while serving
    • a
    • during
    Incorrect
    

27. 27. Question

    27. Banks are rushing to merge because consolidations enable them to slash theirs costs and expand.

    • are rushing
    • enable them
    • theirs
    • expand
    Incorrect
    

28. 28. Question

    28. That water has a very high specific heat means that without a large temperature change water can add or lose a large number of heat.

    • That
    • means
    • add or lose
    • number
    Incorrect
    

29. 29. Question

    29. Benny Goodman was equally talented as both a jazz performeras well as a classical musician.

    • equally
    • performer
    • as well as
    • classical
    Incorrect
    

30. 30. Question

    30. The state seal still used in Massachusetts designed by Paul Revere, who also designed the first Continental currency.

    • still used
    • designed by
    • who
    • the first
    Incorrect
    

31. 31. Question

    31.Quarter horses were developed in eighteenth-century- Virginia to race on courses short of about a quarter of a mile in length.

    • to race
    • courses short
    • of a mile
    • in length.
    Incorrect
    

32. 32. Question

    32. No longersatisfied with the emphasis of the Denishawn School, Martha Graham has moved to the staff of the Eastman School in 1925.

    • No longer
    • satisfied
    • the emphasis
    • has moved
    Incorrect
    

33. 33. Question

    33. William Hart was an actbest known for his roles as western heroes in silent films.

    • act
    • best known
    • his
    • as
    Incorrect
    

34. 34. Question

    34. Prior to an extermination program earlier this century, alive wolves roamed across nearly all of North America.

    • Prior to
    • earlier
    • alive
    • across nearly
    Incorrect
    

35. 35. Question

    35. During the 1960s the Berkeley campus of the University of California came to national attention as a result its radical political activity.

    • During
    • came to
    • result
    • political
    Incorrect
    

36. 36. Question

    36. Artist Gutzon Borglum designed the Mount Rushmore Memorial and worked on project from 1925 untilhis death in 1941.

    • Artist
    • project
    • until
    • his
    Incorrect
    

37. 37. Question

    37. It is proving less costly and more profitably for drug makers to marketdirectly to patients.

    • costly
    • profitably
    • to market
    • directly
    Incorrect
    

38. 38. Question

    38. Sapphires weighingas much as two pounds have on occasion mined.

    • weighing
    • as
    • two pounds
    • mined.
    Incorrect
    

39. 39. Question

    39. Like snakes, lizards can be found on all others continents except Antarctica.

    • Like
    • be found
    • others
    • except
    Incorrect
    

40. 40. Question

    40. Banks, savings and loans, and finance companies have recently been doing home equity loans with greater frequency than ever before.

    • have recently
    • doing
    • greater frequency
    • ever before
    Incorrect